This paper presents a study on the moment resistance of post-and-beam joints with concealed metallic connectors aimed at replacing in a more modern design the wood-wood joints of traditional Korean Hanok timber houses. Several variations of the design of the connectors are investigated to optimize the moment resistance of the joints. Experimental tests are conducted under monotonic and reversed cyclic loading. The performance of the joint is evaluated in terms of peak moment resistance, as well as ductility and energy dissipation. Results show that optimization in the design can improve the moment resistance of the joint while preventing the brittle wood fracture and favoring a more ductile plasticizing of the connector, for the benefit of safety.
Fire resistance test was performed for a floor assembly, of which stiffness was reinforced by shortening the span of floor joists by adding glulam beam in the middle of the original span, and which an additional ceiling component was installed apart from floor part. These factors are expected to show good insulation performance of timber framed floor against heavy impact sound. From full scale fire test, it is conclude that the designed and manufactured floor achieved 1 hour of fire resistance rating.
To evaluate the mechanical performance of the cross laminated timber (CLT) as the structural board materials using domestic species, the delamination test and the transverse bending test were conducted. The CLT used in the tests consisted of 3 layers of laminated timber made of Japanese larch and Korean red pine. The combinations for lamination were then divided on species of layer and grades of laminae. In the bending test, the loading directions were shown to be parallel and perpendicular to width direction of specimens, which is considered as the applicable direction in wooden building. The result of test showed that the bending strength of larix CLT was higher than that of pine CLT in combination of single species. In case of combination of mixed species, the bending properties CLT using larix major layer was higher than those of pine surface layer. It means that the surface layer has a more influence on bending properties of CLT, than the core layer does.
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a relatively new engineered wood for timber construction. It is a great shear wall material. It was known that the shear performance of the CLT wall depends on the performance of connections. In connection, nail or screw has to be installed with a certain distance from the end of the timber. Current building code specifies the distance on the name of end distance. The end distance was decided as a minimum distance not to make splitting or tearing out in lumber or glued laminated timber. As a relatively new engineered wood, the end distance of CLT connection need to be identified because CLT is cross-wisely glued lumber products like plywood. Different from glued laminated timber or lumber, cross layer of CLT may prevent wood from splitting or tearing-out. As a result, the end distance of CLT was expected to be reduced than glued laminated timber. The shorter end distance may let more versatile connector design possible. In this study, prior to developing novel connection for CLT, the end distance of CLT connection was experimentally investigated to identify the end distance limitation. The experiments showed that the end distance can be reduced from 7D to 6D, in case of the tested CLT combination and screw in this study.
A cross-laminated timber (CLT) wall plays the role of resisting shear stress induced by lateral forces as well as vertical load. Due to the press size, CLT panels have a limitation in size. To minimize the initial investment, some glulam manufactures wanted to make a shear wall element with small-size CLT panels and panel-to-panel connections and wanted to know whether the shear wall would have equivalent shear performance with the wall made of a single CLT panel. In this study, this was investigated by experiments and kinematic model analysis. Two shear walls made of small CLT panels were tested. The model showed a good agreement with test results in the envelope curve. Even though the shear walls were made of small panels, the global peak load did not decrease significantly compared with the wall made of a single CLT panel, but the global displacement showed a large increase. From this analysis, it was concluded that the shear wall can be designed with small CLT panels, but displacement should be designed carefully.
The aim of this study was to develop a stochastic model for predicting the bending strength distribution of glued-laminated timber (GLT). The developed model required the localized modulus of elasticity (MOE) and tensile strengths of laminae as input properties. The tensile strength was estimated using a regression model based on the localized MOEs and knot area ratios (KAR) which were experimentally measured for lamina grades samples. The localized MOE was obtained using a machine stress-rated grader, and the localized KAR was determined using an image-processing system. The bending strength distributions in four types of GLTs were simulated using the developed GLT beam model; these four types included: (1) GLT beams without finger joints; (2) GLT beams with finger joints; (3) GLT beams with different lamina sizes; and (4) GLT beams with different combinations of lamina grades. The simulated bending strength distributions were compared with actual test data of 2.4 and 4.8 m-long GLTs. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness-of-fit tests showed that all of the simulated bending strength distributions agreed well with the test data. Especially, good agreement was shown in the fifth percentile point estimate of bending strength with the difference of approximately 1%.
The goal of this study was to analyze the bearing properties of the differently oriented glulam using digital image correlation (DIC). Six differently oriented specimens associated with three anatomical directions including longitudinal (L), radial (R), and tangential (T), and 12-mm drift pins were used to analyze the bearing properties, including yield load and bearing strength. The highest bearing strength of 22.57 MPa from RL was found, whereas the lowest bearing strength of 6.47 MPa from LR was found. Different strain distributions were observed from the differently oriented bearing specimens using DIC. Different failure ratios of the differently oriented specimens were highly related to the strain distributions. Although the bearing properties were found to be different between the differently oriented specimens, for the connection design aspect, the bearing properties of glulam could be grouped as RL and TL specimens, RT and TR specimens, and LR and LT specimens.
