An innovative multi-layer (3 and 5) composite laminated panel (CLP) with various layups were developed using sawn lumber and structural composite lumber (SCL) to address the rolling shear and gap issues of cross laminated timber (CLT). The bending properties including apparent and effective bending stiffness, shear stiffness, moment capacities and failure modes of CLPs were evaluated by a combination of modal tests and third-point bending tests of beam specimens cut from the panels. The static bending test results showed that the apparent bending stiffness values of 3-layer and 5-layer CLPs were up to 20% and 43% higher than the corresponding values of 3-layer and 5-layer generic CLT, respectively. The bending moment capacity values of 3-layer and 5-layer CLPs were up to 37% and 87% higher than the corresponding values of 3-layer and 5-layer generic CLT, respectively. The use of SCL in transverse layers eliminated the potential rolling shear failure in CLT and increased the stiffness properties. The apparent and effective bending stiffness predicted by shear analogy method had a good agreement with corresponding values measured by bending tests and/or modal tests. The prediction of bending moment capacity using shear analogy method cannot be validated due to the rolling shear failure and tension failure modes observed in certain groups.
The design and application of cross laminated timber (CLT) is s trongly influenced by rolling shear properties of cross layers. Hence, predicting the mechanical behaviour of CLT requires accurate information about its rolling shear properties. In this study, black spruce wood laminates with three different growth ring orientations (flat sawn, in-between, quarter sawn) were edge glued to produce wooden cross layer (WCL). Two-plate shear tests were carried out on WCL to investigate the influence of growth ring orientation on the rolling shear properties. The experimental results showed that the growth ring orientation had a significant effect on rolling shear modulus of WCL, however, almost no effect on the rolling shear strength. The WCL of in-between end grain had the maximum rolling shear modulus of 89MPa and rolling sh ear strength of 2.13 MPa.
Massive timber panels (MTPs) has shown a great potential in construction of tall buildings. Evaluation of the face-bond strength of MTPs is of an interest to use of this kind of products. This study was aimed at developing an appropriate test procedure for evaluating the adhesive bond strength of cross-laminated laminated strand lumber (LSL). Short span bending tests were conducted on two-layer asymmetric cross-laminated LSL specimens, which were adhesively bonded using two-component polyurethane (PUR) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc). For comparison, block shear specimens were tested as well. It was found that the 2-layer asymmetric cross-laminated specimen assembly under the short span bending could be used to differentiate between good and poor bond quality.
Use of poplar (Populus euramericana cv. I-214) as cross layer to manufacture cross-laminated timber (CLT) was examined in this study. For comparison purpose, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) were used as well to produce five layups of CLT panels. The mechanical properties tested in this study included the bending strength in the major direction, modulus of elasticity in the major direction, shear strength parallel to the major direction and shear strength perpendicular to the major direction. It was found that the mechanical properties of CLT panels containing poplar were similar to those made of non-poplar wood. The major failure modes found were joint failure, shear failure and delamination. It could be feasible to use poplar as a cross layer to fabricate CLT without decreasing its strength properties.
In-plane shear and planar shear due to out-of-plane bending are important properties for the design of CLT-type floor systems. Properties of CLT-type panels are influenced by the orientation of the layer’s major stiffness directions and the properties of their layers. The layers are influenced by their characteristics, laminate aspect ratio, growth ring orientation and edge-gluing. In order to utilize the mechanical potential of CLT-type panels, it is necessary to understand the effects of layer and laminate properties on CLT performance. CLT and CLT-hybrid panels were tested in planar and in-plane shear tests. The shear properties were evaluated using static and modal test procedures, the accuracy of non-destructive test methods was evaluated. Relationships between specimen properties and the characteristics of laminates and layers, such as aspect ratio, growth ring orientation and edge-gluing, were established.
International Conference on Biobase Material Science and Engineering
Research Status
Complete
Notes
October 21-23, 2012, Changsha, China
Summary
The purpose of this study was to measure the rolling shear modulus of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), which was achieved by conducting 3-point bending tests with variable span using downscaled sandwich specimens. Two types of sandwich specimens were employed: steel-wood-steel (SWS) and wood-wood-wood (WWW). Experimental results from SWS specimens were verified with those predicted from WWW ones through the shear analogy method. Effects of span-to-depth ratio (l/h) and growth ring orientation on rolling shear modulus (G RT ) were also examined. It was found that the average deflection of WWW specimens tested at l/h of 6.5 could be well predicted using the shear analogy method based on true elasticity of modulus (E m ) and G RT of the cross layer measured using SWS specimens under variable span tests. The results also showed that the cross layer of `in-between' growth ring orientation could gain the higher rolling shear modulus than that of flat sawn or quarter sawn one.
Hybrid cross laminated timber (HCLT) was fabricated using lumber (Spruce-pine-fir,SPF) and laminated veneer lumber (LVL), the bending and shear performances of which were evaluated. Three types of CLT panels, one generic CLT (used as control) and two types HCLT, were fabricated. The failure modes of CLT and HCLT were visually examined and recorded. The mechanical properties measured included the bending properties (in the major direction) and shear properties (in both major and minor directions). It was found that the planar shear failure of cross layer was the key and primary failure mode of CLT and HCLT under bending. Lumber and LVL had different direction of crack propagation in planar shear, and LVL had lower planar shear properties than SPF lumber. The weak zones in the radial-tangential (RT) section of wood including earlywood/laterwood boundary and wood ray were easy to occur shear failure. The HCLT having LVL as the outer layer had the highest bending and shear strengths. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the HCLT having LVL as the outer layer and lumber as the cross layer was 17.6% higher than that of generic CLT. However, the HCLT having lumber as the outer layer and LVL as the cross layer had the lowest mechanical properties.
Hybrid cross laminated timber (HCLT) was fabricated using lumber and/or laminated strand lumber (LSL), the mechanical performances of which were evaluated. To reach this goal, the mechanical properties of LSL and the bending properties of CLT and HCLT were measured in this study. The properties of LSL measured included the tension strength (only in the major direction), shear strength, shear modulus, and modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). The failure mode of each kind of specimens was visually examined and recorded. Four types of CLT panels, one generic CLT (used as control) and three types HCLT were fabricated. The properties measured included the bending properties (in the major direction) and planar shear properties (in both major and minor directions). It was found that the HCLT had better bending and planar shear properties than that of generic CLT. The MOE and MOR of HCLT having LSL as the outer layers were 19% and 36% higher than those of generic one, respectively. The MOE and MOR of HCLT having LSL as core layer (replacing the cross lumber layer) were 13% and 24% higher than that of generic CLT, respectively. The failure modes of four types of CLT observed included the planar shear failure of cross lumber layer, tension failure of bottom LSL, and tension failure of bottom lumber, especially tension failure of lumber originated at a knot(s).
