The benefits of using shear connectors to join wood beams to a concrete slab in a composite floor or deck system are many. Studies throughout the world have demonstrated significantly improved strength, stiffness, and ductility properties from such connection systems as well as citing practical building advantages such as durability, sound insulation, and fire resistance. In this study, one relatively new shear connector system that originated in Germany has been experimentally investigated for use with U.S. manufactured products. The connector system consists of a continuous steel mesh of which one half is glued into a southern pine Parallam® Parallel Strand Lumber beam and the other half embedded into a concrete slab to provide minimal interlayer slip. A variety of commercial epoxies were tested for shear strength and stiffness in standard shear or “push out” tests. The various epoxies resulted in a variety of shear constitutive behaviors; however, for two glue types,shear failure occurred in the steel connector resulting in relatively high initial stiffness and ductility as well as good repeatability. Slip moduli and ultimate strength values are presented and discussed. Full-scale bending tests, using the best performing adhesive as determined from the shear tests, were also conducted. Results indicate consistent, near-full composite action system behavior.
The general objective of this study is to gain a better knowledge on the shear strength of glulam subjected to predominant shear loading and with different boundary conditions. Specific objectives include the following:
- Propose a practical setup for testing glulam in shear which does not generate too large secondary stresses in the specimen, e.g. perpendicular to the grain stresses.
- Investigate the shear strength of glulam specimens both with I-cross section and with rectangular cross section.
- Investigate the influence of growth ring orientation on the shear strength of glulam.
A reduction of the shear resistance was introduced with the crack factor kcr in Eurocode 5. The factor 0.67 corresponds to cracks that have a depth of 1/3 of the beam width. The aim of this project was to learn more about different types of cracks and their importance for the shear strength of glulam beams. The project started with tests of five types of glulam beams, with or without cracks. The cracks had different depths and locations, three beam types had cracks made by sawing and one type had cracks from moisturing and drying. The beam dimensions were 115 mm x 315 mm x 2600 mm. Five beams of each type with cracks were tested and ten beams without cracks. The beams were Swedish standard beams made of Spruce and taken from the normal production. Three-point bending method was used for the shear tests. The beams of type 1 without cracks got mostly bending failures; the characteristic shear strength was at least 3.5 MPa. Beams with sawn grooves got lower characteristic shear values and this means a reduced cross section should be used for beams with cut grooves along the beams. Beams with drying cracks got more shear failures, but the characteristic shear strength of the beams was about the same as for beams without cracks.
For the past decade, mountain pine beetle infestation in British Columbia, Canada, has substantially changed wood characteristics of vast amounts of the lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) resource. Resin impregnation is one method that could improve the properties of the beetle-affected wood. The key objective of this study was to examine the impact of resin impregnation on dynamic MOE of lodgepole pine veneers and properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made with these treated veneers. A new phenol formaldehyde resin was formulated to treat these veneers using dipping and vacuum-pressure methods. Five-ply LVL billets were made with treated and untreated veneers. Their color, dimensional stability, surface hardness, flatwise bending modulus and strength, and shear strength were evaluated. Good correlation existed between veneer MOE enhancement and resin solids uptake. With the same treatment, stained veneers had higher resin retention and in turn greater MOE enhancement than nonstained (clear) veneers. A 5-min dipping was sufficient for veneers to achieve approximately 7 and 10% resin solids uptake and in turn 5 and 8% enhancement in veneer MOE for nonstained and stained veneers, respectively. LVL made with treated veneers had a harder surface with no discoloration concerns compared with the control. Also, evidence suggested that use of resin impregnation can improve dimensional stability, shear strength, and flatwise bending MOE of LVL.
International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction, Working Commission W18 - Timber Structures
Research Status
Complete
Summary
Cross laminated timber (CLT) has become a well-known and widely applied two-dimensional, engineered timber product worldwide. It constitutes a rigid composite of an odd number of orthogonal and glued layers. Focusing on a single glued node loaded in plane in shear and composed of two crossed board segments and the adhesive layer in-between, in principle three types of shear mechanisms can be distinguished: mechanism I "net-shear" (shearing perpendicular to grain), mechanism II "torsion" and mechanism III "gross-shear" (shearing parallel to grain). In fact, while having generally accepted values for the resistance against mechanism II and good estimates for mechanism III the resistance against "net-shear" (mechanism I) is still in discussion. In spite of numerous investigations on nodes and on whole CLT elements in the past, a common sense concerning the test procedure, the consideration and handling of distinct influencing parameters and the quantification of the shear strength are open. We focus on the in plane shear resistance of single nodes according to mechanism I. We (i) propose a test configuration for reliable determination of the shear strength, (ii) determine the shear resistance in case of shear loads perpendicular to grain, (iii) discuss influences of some parameters on the shear strength of single nodes, and (iv) give a brief outlook concerning the resistance of CLT elements against shear loads in plane.
This paper presents a study on evaluating rolling shear (RS) strength properties of cross laminated timber (CLT) using torsional shear tests and bending tests. The CLT plates were manufactured with Spruce-Pine-Fir boards and glued with polyurethane adhesive. Two types of layups (3-layer and 5-layer) and two clamping pressures (0.1 MPa and 0.4 MPa) were studied. For the torsional shear tests, small shear block specimens were sampled from the CLT plates and the cross layers were processed to have an annular cross section. Strip specimens were simply sampled from the CLT plates for the bending tests. Based on the failure loads, RS strength properties were evaluated by torsional shear formula, composite beam formulae as well as detailed finite element models, respectively. It was found that the two different test methods yielded different average RS strength value for the same type of CLT specimens. The test results showed that the CLT specimens pressed with the higher clamping pressure had slightly higher average RS strength. The specimens with thinner cross layers also had higher RS strength than the specimens with thicker cross layers.
The advanced calculation methods for wood structural elements in fire situations proposed by EN1995-1-2 provide reduction factors of wood strength according to the temperature. The values of these reduction factors given for compression and tension strength are relatively well documented. However, the reduction factors of wood shear strength with temperature were not studied. This study concerns experimental investigations conducted to characterize the evolution with temperature of the shear strength of wood. The tests are realized using a specific original specimen specially developed for this study. The experimental results allow evaluating the values given in EN1995-1-2.
This paper outlines a series of experimental tests of LVL box beams designed to fail in shear. Some beams utilised post-tensioning systems to increase the flexural strength and decrease deflection. Fire conditions were simulated using either an ISO 834 furnace test or by mechanically reducing the section dimensions on three-sides of the beam to replicate charring. Comparisons with a simplified calculation method for the fire performance of post-tensioned timber box beams are made and discussed. This paper gives special focus to the shear performance of LVL box beams because previous research had identified that the inclusion of post-tensioning may increase the likelihood of shear failure occurring in LVL box beams, especially in fire conditions.
In a current research project the gluability of various soft- und hardwood species and their applicability in glued laminated timber are investigated. The influence of the processing parameters on the delamination resistance and shear strength of the glue lines are presented in this work.
The bonding forces, which are necessary for the integrity of a glue line, act in the interface within a distance that varies from nanometers to micrometers. The parameters that may have significant influence on the bonding strength and durability of adhesive joints are numerous and depend on the type of wood, adhesive and processing conditions.
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