Building using cross-laminated timber (CLT) began in Europe about two decades ago and has used a variety of methods for structural analysis. Experimental testing methods were the most accurate, yet they lacked versatility because changes in lay-up, material, or even manufacturing methods could cause a need for new testing. Consequently, three analytical approaches have been created and are commonly used in Europe as none have been universally accepted to date. ... In the United States and Canada, the product standard (Standard for Performance-Rated Cross-Laminated Timber - ANSI/APA PRG 320) has adopted the Shear Analogy method to derive composite bending and shear stiffness properties.
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) products are used as load-carrying slab and wall elements in structural systems, thus load duration and creep behavior are critical characteristics that must be addressed in structural design. Given its lay-up construction with orthogonal arrangement of layers bonded with structural adhesive, CLT is more prone to time-dependent deformations under load (creep) than other engineered wood products such as structural glued-laminated timber. Time dependent behavior of structural wood products is addressed in design standards by load duration factors that adjust design properties. Since CLT has been recently introduced into the North American market, the current design standards and building codes do not specify load duration and creep adjustment factors for CLT. Until this can be rectified, an approach is proposed in this Chapter for adopter of CLT systems in the United States. This includes not only load duration and service factors, but also an approach to accounting for creep in CLT structural elements.
Figure 1 shows a floor plan and elevation along with the preliminary shear wall locations for a sixstorey wood-frame building. It is assumed some preliminary calculations have been provided to determine the approximate length of wall required to resist t...
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Abstract
Utilizing Linear Dynamic Analysis (LDA) for designing steel and concrete structures has been common practice over the last 25 years. Once preliminary member sizes have been determined for either steel or concrete, building a model for LDA is generally easy as the member sizes and appropriate stiffness...
